The problem isn't cosmic rays, per se, it's the issues created by any single-instance modification of a record.
The general solution here is to store multiple redundant copies of data and checksums of those data, in order that lack-of-consistency can be determined and the specific records which are considered suspect can be clearly identified.
In general, a record is a persistence of a pattern through time subject to entropic forces.[1] Given that modifications to records are typically random events, keeping (and continuously integrity-checking) multiple copies of those records is the best general defence, not guarding against one specific variety of modification in a single instance of a record.
The general solution here is to store multiple redundant copies of data and checksums of those data, in order that lack-of-consistency can be determined and the specific records which are considered suspect can be clearly identified.
In general, a record is a persistence of a pattern through time subject to entropic forces.[1] Given that modifications to records are typically random events, keeping (and continuously integrity-checking) multiple copies of those records is the best general defence, not guarding against one specific variety of modification in a single instance of a record.
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Notes:
1. The symmetric statement of signals is that they are persistence of a pattern through space subject to noise. See: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27604073