Give an opt out for location sharing, how about that? The location collection described in this paper cannot be turned off, and it happens every 4-5 minutes even if you have disabled location services!
The paper uses IP addresses as a proxy for location. They’re not sharing (fuzzy) coordinates unless you enable location sharing.
The only way to prevent that is that is to never make network requests. That’s probably a reasonable expectation, but it’s certainly not the same thing as sending your lat/long every few minutes.
Well they do log surrounding network hardware which are broadcasting, so visible Bluetooth, devices on the same wifi, the APs themselves, etc. This allows a rough estimate of the locations of visible devices which are not made by Apple. The only way to opt out of that is to not be visible on public networks and to not bring an iPhone onto your house network.
Don't use a product which has "ecosystem" as a feature then. Sending MAC addresses and their locations sounds like Apple devices try to establish a consistent local awareness of surrounding devices, e.g. for "Find My".
